| Hiawatha Service | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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A Hiawatha Service train departs Sturtevant, Wisconsin. |
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| Overview | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Service type | Inter-city rail | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Status | Operating | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Locale | Illinois/Wisconsin, United States | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current operator(s) | Amtrak | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average ridership | 2,145 daily 783,060 (total) (FY10)[1] |
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| Route | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Start | Milwaukee, Wisconsin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| No. of intermediate stops | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| End | Chicago, Illinois | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Distance travelled | 86 mi (138 km) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average journey time | 1 hour, 29 minutes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Service frequency | Seven daily each way (Mon - Sat) Six daily each way (Sun) |
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| Train number(s) | 329 - 344 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| On-board services | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Class(es) | Standard and business class | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Seating arrangements | Coach seating (unreserved) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Catering facilities | On-board trolley service | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Baggage facilities | Checked baggage available at Chicago and Milwaukee | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Technical | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gauge | 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating speed | 57 mph (92 km/h) average | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Hiawatha Service, or Hiawatha, is the name of an 86-mile (138 km) train route operated by Amtrak on the western shore of Lake Michigan, although the name was historically applied to several different routes that extended across the Midwest and out to the Pacific Ocean. As of 2007, fourteen trains (seven round-trips, six on Sunday) run daily between Chicago, Illinois, and Milwaukee, Wisconsin,[2] making intermediate stops in Glenview, Illinois, Sturtevant, Wisconsin, and General Mitchell International Airport. The line is partially supported by funds from the state governments of Wisconsin and Illinois.[3] The service carried 783,060 riders in fiscal year 2010, a 6.1% increase from FY 2009's total of 738,231 passengers.[1] Revenue during FY 2010 totaled $14,092,803, a 6% increase from FY 2009's $13,300,511 total revenue.[1] It is Amtrak's ninth-busiest route, and the railroad's busiest line in the Midwest.[1] Ridership per mile is also very high, exceeded only by the Northeast Regional and the Capitol Corridor. A one-way trip between Milwaukee and Chicago takes about 90 minutes.
Contents |
Historically, the Hiawathas were operated by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (also known as the "Milwaukee Road") and initially traveled from Chicago to the Twin Cities in Minnesota. The first Hiawatha trains ran in 1935. By 1946, there were actually four routes carrying the Hiawatha name, Chicago–Minneapolis; Chicago–Omaha; Chicago–Wausau–Minocqua; and Chicago-Minneapolis-Seattle.
The Hiawathas were among the world's fastest trains in the 1930s and 1940s and reached some of their peak speeds on this stretch, directly competing with trains from the Chicago and North Western Railway which ran on roughly parallel tracks. 90-minute non-stop service between Chicago and Milwaukee was first introduced in the mid-1930s, and this later fell to 75 minutes for several years. A self-imposed 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) speed limit was routinely exceeded by locomotive engineers, until the Interstate Commerce Commission rules imposed a stricter limit of 90 mph (140 km/h) in the early 1950s, and the train slowed to a schedule of 80 minutes, though with the addition of the Glenview stop. Ultimately, the speed limit fell to 79 mph (127 km/h) in 1968 because of signaling changes and the schedule went back to 90 minutes end-to-end.[4]
Under Amtrak, which assumed control of most intercity passenger rail service in the United States on May 1, 1971, the Hiawatha name survived in two forms. The first was a Chicago–Milwaukee–Minneapolis service, known simply as the Hiawatha. This would be renamed the Twin Cities Hiawatha, then extended to Seattle and renamed the North Coast Hiawatha. This service ended in 1979.[5]
The second was a Chicago–Milwaukee corridor known as the Hiawatha Service (as opposed to Hiawatha). Although Amtrak had retained Chicago–Milwaukee service during the transition, it did not name these trains until October 29, 1972. At this time both Hiawatha and Hiawatha Service could be found on the same timetable. On June 15, 1976, Amtrak introduced Turboliners to the route and the name Hiawatha Service left the timetable, not to return until 1989. The Chicago–Milwaukee trains were known simply as "Turboliners" (as were comparable trains on the Chicago–Detroit and Chicago – St. Louis corridors) until October 26, 1980, when Amtrak introduced individual names for each of the trains. This practice ended on October 29, 1989, when the name Hiawatha Service returned as an umbrella term for all Chicago–Milwaukee service.[6]
In 2005, another station opened on the line, the Milwaukee Airport Railroad Station at General Mitchell International Airport. The expansion was intended to facilitate transfer to and from the airport, as well (shuttles run between the station and the main terminal), giving residents on the south side of Milwaukee easier access to the service, along with an alternative to the central station in downtown, which is now fully accessible owing to the completion of the Marquette Interchange. The station was primarily funded and is maintained by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation.
It is proposed that the Hiawatha Service, along with the Empire Builder would shift one stop north to North Glenview in Glenview, Illinois. This move would eliminate lengthy stops which block traffic on Glenview Road. This move would involve reconstruction of the North Glenview station to handle the additional traffic, and depends on commitments from Glenview, the Illinois General Assembly and Metra.[7]
In 2009, Wisconsin applied for funding from an $8 billion pool allocated for rail projects under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, and the Chicago–Milwaukee–Madison–Minneapolis/St. Paul corridor was allocated $823 million.[8] $810 million of that was to support extending Amtrak services to Madison, while $12 million would have been used to upgrade the line between Chicago and Milwaukee, and an additional $600,000 was granted to study future alignments to the Twin Cities.[9][10]
The Madison extension was initially planned to include stops in Brookfield, Oconomowoc, and Watertown,[8] but Oconomowoc and Brookfield were reluctant to move forward with station planning due to cost concerns. The Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT) dropped Oconomowoc from the planned route in August 2010,[11] and Brookfield was waiting to see the outcome of elections in November before making a decision on whether to build a station.[12] The nearby cities of Hartland and Wauwatosa had expressed interest in hosting stations. The extension was expected to begin service by 2013.
The project became a political issue in the 2010 Wisconsin gubernatorial election. Republican candidate Scott Walker promised he would stop the project and return the money the state received if elected.[13] When asked whether it would be realistic to stop work, Governor Doyle expressed pessimism and said in part:
| “ | This is about an interstate high-speed rail system in in the United States. Just like the Interstate Highway System–that's a federal system. [...] Short of sitting down in front of the federal government and defying the federal government, I don't think it's realistic to say that this project would stop.[14] | ” |
At the end of October 2010, Wisconsin governor Jim Doyle and the federal government signed an agreement that bound the state to spend the federal funds granted to construct the route, regardless of the results of the 2010 gubernatorial election.[15] On 4 November, two days after Scott Walker won the gubernatorial election, however, Doyle ordered work on the line to be temporarily halted,[16] and on 9 November said that he planned to leave the choice of whether or not to operate the train to Walker.[17]
On December 9, 2010, U.S. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood announced that much of the $810 million that Wisconsin was supposed to get would be redistributed to other states, including California, Florida and Washington. According to Wisconsin Governor-elect Scott Walker, LaHood said Wisconsin would not have to pay the federal government back for money already spent. In addition, Wisconsin would get to retain $2 million to fund upgrades on Amtrak's existing Milwaukee-to-Chicago Hiawatha line.[18]
This table shows the names given to trains which operated over the Chicago-Milwaukee corridor under Amtrak. It excludes long-distance trains such as the Empire Builder and North Coast Hiawatha whose local stopping patterns were restricted. The Abraham Lincoln and Prairie State were Chicago-St. Louis services which Amtrak extended through Chicago to the north in the early 1970s.
| 1971-11-14 | 1972-10-29 | 1973-10-28 | 1975-11-30 | 1976-06-15 | 1980-10-26 | 1984-10-28 | 1985-04-28 | 1989-10-29 | Present |
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| Abraham Lincoln | |||||||||
| Prairie State | |||||||||
| Hiawatha Service | |||||||||
| Turboliner | |||||||||
| LaSalle | |||||||||
| Marquette | |||||||||
| Nicollet | |||||||||
| Radisson | |||||||||
| Badger | |||||||||
| Encore | |||||||||
| Hiawatha Service | |||||||||
As of 2009, the usual Hiawatha train set consists of one GE Genesis locomotive on the northward end end, an EMD F40PH "cabbage car" on the southward end, and six coaches, consisitng of four Horizon Fleet coaches and an Amfleet coach on each end that serve as "quiet" cars. Since 2008, cabbage car 90230, wearing colors of the Cascades service in the Pacific Northwest, has often seen use on the Hiawatha.[19][20]
On July 17, 2009, the State of Wisconsin announced it will purchase two new train sets from Spanish manufacturer Talgo in preparation for the enhanced-speed service that received funding in early 2010. Talgo is building a manufacturing plant in Milwaukee, Wisconsin to construct the trainsets for the Hiawatha Service, and the company hopes the plant will also build trains for future high-speed lines in the region.[21] The unpowered tilting trainsets will be 14 cars long including a cab car, eleven coaches (five of which will have restrooms), one bistro car, and one end car including a bicycle rack. The cars will sport a red-and-white livery in homage to the University of Wisconsin. It is likely that the trains will initially be pulled by the same GE Genesis locomotives used today, which have a top speed of 110 mph.[22]